Postposition Definition and Examples

Postposition is a word that shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. A postposition is similar in function to a preposition, but it follows rather than precedes the object. Its generally accepted that the only common postposition in English is the word ago. Together, prepositions and postpositions are called adpositions. Examples and Observations Here are some examples of postposition from various writers: I decided many years ago to invent myself. I had obviously been invented by someone else--by a whole society--and I didnt like their invention.(Maya Angelou)Sixty years ago I knew everything; now I know nothing; education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.(Will Durant) Ago and Its Complement Ago in English must follow its complement. (87a) John received a very generous offer a few minutes ago.(87b) *John received a very generous offer ago a few minutes. In contrast with notwithstanding, ago must piedpipe, and cannot strand. (88a) How long ago did John receive the offer?(88b) *How long did John receive the offer ago? (Peter W. Culicover, Syntactic Nuts: Hard Cases, Syntactic Theory, and Language Acquisition. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999) Hence Although ago is . . . usually said to be the only independent postposition of English, the formal use of hence with the meaning from now (as in three weeks hence) seems to be used identically. Traces of postpositional constructions are found in expressions like the whole week through and all the year round.(D.J. Allerton, Over the Hills and Far Away or Far Away Over the Hills: English Place Adverb Phrases and Place Prepositional Phrases in Tandem. Adpositions: Pragmatic, Semantic and Syntactic Perspectives, ed. by Dennis Kurzon and Silvia Adler. John Benjamins, 2008) Clitic Though not usually so treated, the clitic -s could be seen as a postposition in e.g. my friends daughter, my friend in Washingtons daughter.(P.H. Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford Univ. Press, 2007) Postpositions In Other Languages Many languages, such as English, express thematic roles by means of prepositions. Some languages, however, use postpositions (i.e., morphemes that express the same thematic roles but come after head nouns). Languages that use postpositions in this way include Korean and Japanese...For those students who have prepositions or postpositions in their native language, English prepositions are still a source of difficulty, and they remain so even as students levels of proficiency increase. One reason for this is the problem of polysemy. In learning a second language, students attempt to draw correspondences between their L1 [native language] prepositions and prepositions in the L2 [second language]. Perfect one-to-one correspondences would facilitate learning, but, given polysemy, finding these is virtually impossible.(Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Essay on Huck Finn - Jim - 953 Words

Throughout all of his adventures Jim shows compassion as his most prominent trait. He makes the reader aware of his many superstitions and Jim exhibits gullibility in the sense that he Jim always assumes the other characters in the book will not take advantage of him. One incident proving that Jim acts naive occurs halfway through the novel, when the Duke first comes into the scene quot;By right I am a duke! Jims eyes bugged out when he heard that...quot; In the novel, Huck Finn, one can legitimately prove that compassion, superstitious and gullibility illustrate Jims character perfectly. To begin with, among the many characteristics of Jim, his compassionate nature shows throughout the book. When Huck and Jim come across the†¦show more content†¦Throughout the book Jim acts as the most caring character, especially towards Huck. Luckily, the two men, devote everything they can to surviving this adventure and it shows that they care for one-another very much. Not only does the novel show Jim as compassionate but, it also portrays him as superstitious. For instance, he believes the reasoning behind the bad luck relates to Huck touching a snakeskin. quot;You said it was the worst bad luck in the world to touch a snakeskin with my hands.quot; Equally important Jim believes hairy arms and chests leads to wealth. quot;Ef yous got hairy arms en a hairy breas, its a sign dat yous a gwyne to be rich.quot; Furthermore, the sight of birds flying overhead produces rain. quot;Some young birds come along, flying a yard or two at a time and lightning. Jim said it was a sign it was going to rain.quot; Another situation where Jim shows superstition includes, quot;And Jim said you musnt count the things you have for dinner because that would bring you bad luck. The same if you shook the tablecloth after sundown.quot; These superstitions prove just how crazy Jim acts. In addition to Jims superstitious nature, throughout the novel he also demonstrates gullibility. A good example of thisShow MoreRelatedFriendship of Huck Finn and Jim831 Words   |  4 PagesIn Mark Twains, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we read about the development of a relationship between a white boy and a runaway slave, something that in the 1800s one wouldve been punished for. Throughout Huck and Jims story struggles, fallbacks, and advances within their friendship are witnessed by readers. The choice to do what one feels is right and what society teaches us is not always an easy one to make. Even for just a coming of age novel the powerful message of unconditional loveRead More Hucklenberry Finn Huck and Jim Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesHucklenberry Finn Huck and Jim Huck and Jim Mark Twain tells the story of Huckleberry Finn, and his maturity that is developed through a series of events. This maturity is encouraged through the developing relationship between Huck and Jim, as well as the strong influence Jim has on Huck. Jims influence not only effects Hucks maturity, but his moral reasoning; and the influence society has on Huck. Jim is Hucks role model; even though Huck would not admit it. At first Jim seems to portrayRead MoreHuck Finn And Jim Relationship Analysis1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Huck Finn and slave Jim in the great American novel poses a complex exception to this observation. Mark Twain’s the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn takes place in Missouri, a slave state, around the 1830s and 40s. It centers around our main character, Huckleberry Finn, and the adventures he endures with his close friend Jim, who is a slave. Throughout the harsh physical journey along the the Mississippi River, Huck undergoes deep internal conflict about w hether to help free slave Jim, a sinRead More Huck and Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesstays the same throughout a book or story, and a round character is one that changes throughout the book due to challenges they face and resolve. While Huck and Jim are two very important characters throughout the book, it could be argued that they are flat or round. Neither change very much, but each have small discoveries. Throughout the book, Huck is independent and easy going. He never wants to be kept down or tied to one place. Even though he is the main character, he does not change very muchRead More Parental Roles in Huck Finn: Jim as Hucks Perfect Companion1689 Words   |  7 Pagessatisfying people’s need for love and support,† (World Book). In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, the subject of family is questioned. Huck does not have a consistent parental figure. Using a psychological literary approach to analyze Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and family relationships, one finds that Huck does not work well with either Miss Watson and Aunt Sally, or Pap, Jim is the only appropriate parental figure. â€Å"The term family generally refers to a group ofRead MoreIn â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle daily in search of their freedom. Huck is a young free spirited boy that loves adventure and lacks the necessity of civilization; his partner in crime is Jim, a runaway slave. As Huck and Jim float down the Mississippi River they are faced with an overwhelming amount of difficult situations and circumstances. Some of the struggles that Huck and Jim experience are slavery, society, civilization, natureRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckaberry Finn by Mark Twain: Huck and Jim Analysis563 Words   |  3 Pagesregarding Jim as a friend changes throughout the novel as their bond with each other increases. In most parts of the story,Huck has internal conflict about whether or not he s hould turn Jim in,but Huck keeps thinking about how bad he would feel afterward. In chapter 8,Huck finds that Jim is a runaway. Jim explains to Huck that he overheard Miss.Watson talking about how she was going to sell Jim to a slave trader in New Orleans for $800 which would separate Jim from his family. Plus,he and Jim are travelingRead MorePower Roles between Jim and Huck in Mark Twain ´s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn838 Words   |  4 PagesWith Huck and Jim unknowingly fighting to retain power aboard the raft, their friendship becomes stronger even with society’s various attempts to split the two apart. Throughout the book, Huck and Jim switch power roles during their time on the raft. Life on the raft is portrayed as a democracy, but in reality, it is a dictatorship with the in power controlling and influencing all decisions made on the raft. One noticeable occurrence of Jim possessing the power is after Huck and Jim’s separationRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more than propertyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Its Characterization951 Words   |  4 PagesHon. 2nd 3 March 2016 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its Characterization In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, there is a large use of characterization to develop the characters and is influenced by the time period. Mark Twain was born in 1835, and lived to see the Civil War start. This is a big influence on his writing, because his two most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They both take place in the time before the Civil

Should homewrok be banned free essay sample

The subject of homework being banned has been discussed and debated for years by students. Teachers and parents. Both sides of the argument have numerous reasons for their decision, but here are some of the reasons why homework should not be banned from schools. First of all, homework encourages students to undertake independent learning which they will be required to do when they get to University. Many people argue that schools spoon-feed their students, which makes them completely unprepared for what awaits them at higher education when all research ND further reading must be done on the students own time. By setting homework in the form of projects, students will be able to learn on their own and develop skills that will serve them well in later life. It also helps to teach the students responsibility and time management skills, seeing as the teacher is not there to make them learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Should homewrok be banned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, a lot of students prefer to learn on their own and teach themselves, rather than having a teacher lecture them. Homework encourages children to do this and may also help them to revise it more thoroughly. Whatever students have learnt in he classroom can then be reinforced and solidified by completing homework tasks. Homework can also be beneficial for the teacher as when they collect homework in to mark it, it gives them a good idea of how much their students understand what is being taught. Practice makes perfect as the saying goes. So the only way to get better at algebra Is to practice It, which Is why teachers set homework. It help to encourage a great number of skills that students will find extremely useful not only in school and any further education that they may go on to, but also in jobs that they will have.

Interview With A UFO Essays - Ufo Sightings, Poor Ol,

Interview With A UFO The other night I was takin the trash out. I heard ol' Bessie, my cow carryin on like there was a snake in her pin. I ran over and I said "Bessie, you best hush up!" That's when I seen it. It was a round hunk of metal flyin through the sky. At first I thought it was the top of my grain bin. That's where I've been keepin my manure that I use on m'gardern. I thought to myself "Oh Boy! Someone's done thrown a match in there. That's when this little green light shot right down from it and burn up my okra patch. All of a sudden where that little green light was, these creatures walked out. I ran in and got my shotgun. When I came back out, they said sumpthin like "Take me to your leader." I told `em "I don't know much about takin' you to my leader but they're fixin to meet their maker if they didn't get on out of here. Then they made the ugliest fact at me and started talkin Japanese back and forth at each other. All of a sudden I heard Bessie again, but when I looked over, they zapped that poor ol' cow up to their hunk of metal spacecraft. I told `em they better put her back or I was gonna call the UFO sightings hotline on them like I did on all of their friends. I said " I know about all of your tests you run on them poor animals like Bessie cause I've been watchin' the X-Files on my big 10 inch black and white TV." Then they started gibbering back and forth again and I'll be dang if they didn't zap my old John Deere up on that ship too. That's when I got really mad. I think they understood English too cause when I told em what I thought of that spaceship, they started shootin' that laser gun at me. I said "Yowweee!!!" Then I took off runnin' up the hill. I guess they must've realized how big my shotgun was cause they got back in their ship and took off for the sky. Everything's been pretty normal since then, except my wife, Bell, got meaner `cause I make her pull the plow now. I know them danged ol' aliens will be back cause I didn't have any diesel in my tractor and they'll never be able to go anywhere with it on empty. I'll be ready for `em.

Bombardier Case free essay sample

The Problem Bombardier is the global leader in business and regional aircraft manufacturing and in recent years has been improving their performance. Their strategic objective has always been to be global leaders in both their aerospace and transportation divisions. However, there have been frequent leadership changes since the diversification era ended in 1999, and many analysts and investors have been questioning what their long-term strategy in the aerospace industry is, especially since the postponement of the CSeries launch. Their regional jet product line is a concern with the aging technologies of the CRJ and Q-Series models. And the threat of the Chinese, Japanese and Russians entering the market is imminent. It remains clear that Bombardier now faces the challenge of having to carefully assess its strategic direction for the future in order to hold its competitive advantage in regional jet market. External Analysis Bombardier is part of the Aerospace and transportation industries, but the focal industry in question is the regional aircraft industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Bombardier Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to conduct an external analysis, Porter’s 5 Forces Model will be used. Threat of New Entrants: is moderate. If the Chinese and Russian projects don’t follow through (since they would be the direct competitors to the CRJ1000 and CSeries), it would be extremely difficult for other competitors to enter the market because the costs associated are relatively high. For example, the initial cost of Bombardier’s CSeries project reached $100 million as of April 2007, and the estimated cost of the entire project is $2 billion (All figures are presented in USD). Also, there are very powerful firms established in the industry and for a new firm to enter they would have to compete with firms already on the lower end of the learning curve (See Exhibit 1). Bargaining Power of Suppliers: is moderate. There is no threat of suppliers lowering quality because of the high standards set by industry regulators. However, there is always risk of price increases. There aren’t a vast number of suppliers in the industry, and their parts are extremely important in the manufacturing process. Furthermore, Bombardier has integrated technologies and components with their suppliers that are specific to their requirements. As a result, the switching costs would be extremely high, and the availability of substitutes is almost nil. Bargaining Power of Buyers: is moderate to high. Passengers’ preferences changed over time from comfort to low price. Since the passengers are the end users in this industry, airline companies must meet their needs. Therefore, passenger preference is the deciding factor when choosing which aircraft to purchase. The fact that there are several competing manufacturers to choose from adds to this power. Also, the switching costs are low since airline companies deal with many manufacturers regardless of what they have previously purchased. What is important for buyers is to acquire aircraft that will meet their customers’ needs and leave them with low operating costs. Threat of Substitute Products: is low. There are alternatives to planes, such as cars, trains, and buses. However, there is no replacement when it comes to traveling large distances in short periods of time. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors: is moderate to high. Bombardier’s main competitor in this industry is Embraer, however there are several countries (China, Russia) attempting to enter the market. The intense rivalry already exists between Bombardier and Embraer since they’ve both been introducing many new products over the past decade. Also, the low profit margins are a result of this intense competition. Furthermore, governments play an important role because they support their national manufacturers to protect them from foreign competition. Strategic Implications of Analysis Results: Currently, Bombardier is in a favorable position. They are the leaders for business and regional jets. Though, the aging technology of the CRJ and Q series models is a problem that needs to be addressed. Fuel-efficiency is a big issue with the rising price of oil and in order to maintain their competitive advantage, they need to develop new products that will make them the most energy-efficient and have the lowest operating costs. As for the future of the regional jet market, the demand is moving towards aircrafts with 100 to 150 seats and the global market is shifting toward BRIC countries. In this emerging market, Bombardier must continuously be innovative to stay ahead of the potential competition coming from China and Russia. Internal Analysis The VRIN model has been selected to evaluate the potential core competencies (resources, capabilities) Bombardier may have, resulting in a competitive advantage (see Exhibit 2). *Potential Core Competencies 1. Relationships with manufacturers of major components, suppliers of important parts, and repair and maintenance companies, resulting in strategic partnerships. 2. Diversified portfolio of products in the Business Jets Segment and Regional Jets Segment. 27% and 51% market share respectfully (See Exhibit 3). 3. CRJ’s reputation for being energy-efficient and the most popular regional aircraft series in history. 4. Unique design and engineering, resulting in aesthetically appealing aircraft with market leading fuel-efficiency and low operating costs. 5. Productivity and operational effectiveness. For 2006, Bombardier Aerospace’s gross profit per employee was $24,444 compared to direct competitor Embraer’s gross profit per employee which was $40,142 (See Exhibit 4). Strategic Implication of Analysis Results: It is clear that their diversified portfolio, the CRJ reputation, and unique design and engineering of their aircrafts are the factors that give Bombardier a competitive advantage over their competitors. This demonstrates how Bombardier is unique and how they differentiate themselves from their competition. With the operational costs being the main factor for airline profitability, Bombardier holds a solid position in the marketplace and it is these competencies that will allow them to thrive. However, the relationship with their manufacturers and suppliers, and their productivity and operational effectiveness result in a competitive disadvantage and below average returns. If they are to sustain their competitive advantage, they must reduce their cost of revenues which is clearly hurting their profits (See Exhibit 4). Moving Forward Alternative 1 Proceed with the status quo. That would mean dropping the CSeries project and ontinuing to improve the CRJ model to eventually have capacity within 100-150 seats. Bombardier would be able to compete with its core competencies of a diversified portfolio, great reputation of the CRJ, and their unique design and engineering allowing them to be leaders in energy-efficiency. Pros: * Save time and money by not pursuing the CSeries project ($2 billion ). * Allow them to invest their resources in improving the CRJ model. * The CRJ is already the most popular regional jet model in history and offering an aircraft of 100-150 seats would address the future market demands. Cons: Lost time and money already invested in the CSeries ($100 million). * Doesn’t address the fundamental issue of the aging technologies in the CRJ and Q-Series models. * Confusion of the long-term strategy of the firm. * Not much innovation, not adapting to change. Alternative 2 Bombardier can further differentiate themselves by proceeding with the CSeries project to address several issues of the future. The CRJ1000 provides an immediate solution for higher capacity and comfort at lower operating costs. The CSeries would be specifically targeted for the 100-150 seats market of regional aircrafts. Pros: Address the fundamental issue of the aging technologies in the CRJ and Q-Series models. * Set the long-term strategy and goals of the firm, and provide stability for a firm that analysts believe to have a blurred vision and strategic uncertainty. * Fill a gap in the marketplace by replacing older generation planes of the same capacity and provide more comfort and efficiency. * Meet the future needs of the market for regional aircraft which is moving towards aircraft of 100- 150 seats (See Exhibit 5). Cons: * Significant investment ($2 billion) needed. * Uncertainty of market response to brand new line of regional jets. Unforeseen technological issues may arise (i. e. quality and after sale service required) * Will it provide good profit margins and satisfy shareholders and analysts expectations? Final Recommendation (Best Alternative) The future of the aerospace industry is changing. Geographically because of the emerging markets in the BRIC countries, representing 35% of global demand in 2005, and by category of aircraft, because of the increase in short and mid-range routes of regional airlines. Furthermore, airline companies’ profits are directly tied with operating costs making cost-effectiveness extremely important. The European Union put in place the Emissions Trading Scheme beginning in 2011, which will further increase the demand for fuel-efficient aircrafts. With both alternatives presented above, Bombardier would hold an advantage over its competitors, more so in alternative 2 with the launch of the CSeries (which would be the leader in fuel-efficiency). In order to select the best alternative and solution to the problem, a number of other factors must be analyzed. Firstly, the regional jet product line is a main concern since the technologies of the CRJ and Q-Series models are aging. With the demand for regional aircraft shifting towards jets with a capacity of 100 to 150 seats, Bombardier would need to provide an aircraft within that range. Alternative 1 could work if they develop a CRJ model that would meet the demand for that market, but it would not address the aging technologies. Alternative 2 would be best to solve this problem because developing a new generation of aircrafts with new technologies that are specifically targeted towards that market will allow Bombardier to maintain its competitive advantage and global leadership. Secondly, the aircraft industry is a cyclical industry. Therefore, planes within the range of 100 to 150 seats that were purchased many years ago will need to be replaced. Since the new trend is energy-efficiency, the airline companies will be looking meet this need. Currently, there are no aircrafts that would specifically meet the capacity needs of regional carriers. With the Chinese and Russians attempting to enter this market, the window of opportunity is getting smaller. Alternative 1 would not provide a direct solution to this problem because the aging technology of the CRJ (if Bombardier were to develop a model to meet the capacity) would not be able to compete with the new technologies of the Chinese and Russian models. Alternative 2 on the other hand, would provide the best solution to this problem because it would specifically meet the capacity and energy-efficiency needs of the market. In conclusion, alternative 2 is far more attractive than alternative 1 for all the reasons discussed. Additionally, it would provide Bombardier with a long-term strategy in the aerospace industry and allow them to maintain their competitive advantage and continue to fulfill their strategic objective, which has always been to be a global leader. Bibliography Source: Taleb, A. , Hebert, L. (2011). Bombardier Aerospace: The CSeries Dilemma. London Ontario: Ivey Publishing. Exhibit 1 LEARNING CURVE Source : http://hsimonis. wordpress. com/2010/07/26/building-fighter-aircraft/ Exhibit 2 VRIN MODEL *Potential Core Competencies| Valuable| Rare| Inimitable| Non-Substitutable| 1| Yes| No| No| No| 2| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| 3| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| | Yes| Yes| Yes| No| 5| Yes| No| No| No| Exhibit 3 BUSINESS AND REGIONAL JETS SEGMENT MARKET SHARE FOR 2006 Source: Taleb, A. , Hebert, L. (2011). Bombardier Aerospace: The CSeries Dilemma. London Ontario: Ivey Publishing. Exhibit 4 PRODUCTIVITY amp; OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS, GROSS PROFIT MARGIN FOR Y/E 2006 Source: http://www2. bombardier. com/en/7_0/pd f/annual_report_2007. pdf Source : http://www1. embraer. com. br/relatorios_anuais/relatorio_2007/english/ Exhibit 5 DEMAND FOR REGIONAL AIRCRAFT lt;100 SEATS Source: Taleb, A. , Hebert, L. (2011). Bombardier Aerospace: The CSeries Dilemma. London Ontario: Ivey Publishing.

Lysander the Spartan General

Lysander the Spartan General Lysander was one of the Heraclidae at Sparta, but not a member of the royal families. Not much is known about his early life. His family was not wealthy, and we dont know how Lysander came to be entrusted with military commands. The Spartan Fleet in the Aegean When Alcibiades rejoined the Athenian side towards the end of the Peloponnesian War, Lysander was put in charge of the Spartan fleet in the Aegean, based at Ephesus (407). It was Lysanders decree that merchant shipping put into Ephesus and his foundation of shipyards there, that started its rise to prosperity. Persuading Cyrus to Help the Spartans Lysander persuaded Cyrus, the Great Kings son, to help the Spartans. When Lysander was leaving, Cyrus wanted to give him a present, and Lysander asked for Cyrus to fund an increase in the sailors pay, thus inducing sailors serving in the Athenian fleet to come over to the higher-paying Spartan fleet. While Alcibiades was away, his lieutenant Antiochus provoked Lysander into a sea battle which Lysander won. The Athenians thereupon removed Alcibiades from his command. Callicratides  as Lysanders Successor Lysander gained partisans for Sparta amongst the cities subject to Athens by promising to install decemvirates, and promoting the interests of potentially useful allies amongst their citizens. When the Spartans chose Callicratides as Lysanders successor, Lysander undermined his position by sending the funds for the increase in payback to Cyrus and taking the fleet back to the Peloponnese with him. The Battle of Arginusae (406) When Callicratides died after the battle of Arginusae (406), Spartas allies requested that Lysander is made admiral again. This was against Spartan law, so Aracus was made admiral, with Lysander as his deputy in name, but the actual commander. Ending the  Peloponnesian War It was Lysander who was responsible for the final defeat of the Athenian navy at Aegospotami, thus ending the Peloponnesian War. He joined the Spartan kings, Agis and Pausanias, in Attica. When Athens finally succumbed after the siege, Lysander installed a government of thirty, later remembered as the Thirty Tyrants (404). Unpopular Throughout Greece Lysanders promotion of his friends interests and vindictiveness against those who displeased him made him unpopular throughout Greece. When the Persian satrap Pharnabazus complained, the Spartan ephors recalled Lysander. There resulted in a power struggle within Sparta itself, with the kings favoring more democratic regimes in Greece in order to diminish Lysanders influence. King Agesilaus Instead of  Leontychides On the death of King Agis, Lysander was instrumental in Agis brother Agesilaus being made king instead of Leontychides, who was popularly supposed to be Alcibiades son rather than the kings. Lysander persuaded Agesilaus to mount an expedition to Asia to attack Persia, but when they arrived in the Greek Asian cities, Agesilaus grew jealous of the attention paid to Lysander and did everything he could to undermine Lysanders position. Finding himself unwanted there, Lysander returned to Sparta (396), where he may or may not have started a conspiracy to make the kingship elective amongst all Heraclidae or possibly all Spartiates, rather than confined to the royal families. War Between Sparta and Thebes   War broke out between Sparta and Thebes in 395, and Lysander was killed when his troops were surprised by a Theban ambush.

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Principles - Essay Example These approaches include effective competition through production of superior commodities cost effectively. Key marketing activities involves identifying exceptional consumer needs and tailoring products or services that will best serve their needs (Nellis & Parker, 2006, p). Therefore, producers should scrutinize the available market and identify deficiencies in order to design unique product for that specific market or create a new market for the available products. The marketers should ensure they design goods for specific groups because different people have different requirements for the same products. The products should be designed differently in terms of colour, packaging, size and pricing among other features to meet varying consumer tastes (Fuller, 1997, p.13). For example, Wilkinson has different products for different categories of consumers. This enables them to cover wider market and make greater revenue due to increased sales. Similarly, by designing their products dif ferently, the company is able to satisfy the needs of different clients more effectively. Marketers design marketing activities to satisfy different aspects of consumers needs. These include Products, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Positioning and packaging (Parkin, 2002, p.6). Consumers buy products and services for various reasons and for different purposes. Marketers should understand the needs for consumers in order for them to sell those commodities which consumers want most. They should carryout informative campaign to let consumers know that the products they require are available, and at what price, how to use them (Hill, 1998, p.13). The promotion activities should aim to influence consumer conduct by making them feel that certain product is capable of satisfying a specific need which other products from different sellers are not able to satisfy. Wilkinson has been facing stiff rivalry from other retailer in UK especially supermarket. They have reacted to this rivalry by designing new products for different market (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Their main targets today are students hence they are designing products which are more appealing and preferred by students (Dicken, 1998, p. 5). The marketers should ensure the product or services they offer are within the proximity of the potential consumers. For example, in Business Case Studies LLP (2013), Wilkinson has established their outlets close to learning institutions to ensure that students are able to get their products near their institutions when they need them. Wilkinson products are lowly priced to ensure they overcome rivalry and entice the student population in their business. Those products are attractively package to appear presentable to student consumers. Companies should develop different approaches to create, sustain and expand the market of their commodities in order to overcome their rivals in the same market. To achieve this, companies should ensure they have a wide range of co nsumer products in the market in order to win clients from different backgrounds. Wilkinson reacts to varying consumer needs as a retailer of various commodities like food, home, garden, office, and health and beauty products (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). They sell groceries and supermarket goods to ensure clients get varieties of consumer goods under one roof. When developing a